Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance. Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. A basophil is a type of white blood cell that is a part of your immune system. The cells not only provide frontline defense against infection but are also involved in processes like inflammation and allergy. This article details the structure and function of basophils as well as diseases and conditions associated with high or low basophils.
Basophils are a type of white blood cell, also known as a leukocyte. White blood cells play in role in the body's immune defense and protect the body against infectious disease and foreign invaders. Like all blood cells, white blood cells arise from stem cells in the bone marrow.
The stem cells undergo changes in a process called hematopoiesis is which they develop into different types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells , and platelets. Basophils belong to a category of white blood cells called granulocytes , so-named because they contain tiny granules.
The granules in basophils are made up of different chemicals, including histamine and heparin. When needed, basophils will break open degranulate to release these chemicals as part of the body's immune defense.
Basophils are part of the innate immune system. This is the immunity you are born with as opposed to immunity you later acquire in response to infection or vaccination. As part of the innate immune system, basophils do not make you immune to an infection you have had in the past.
They are simply among the frontline cells that attack any foreign agent that enters the body. Basophils are most effective in protecting against bacteria and parasites, including parasites like ticks and worms. Basophils help trigger inflammatory reactions. Inflammation is the body's natural response to anything that might cause it harm.
It is the body's way of signaling the immune system to heal and repair damaged tissues as well as defend itself against foreign agents. The granules inside the basophils contain histamine and heparin, among other things. Each has a different role:. Basophils also indirectly attack foreign agents by binding to a type of white blood cell called B-cell lymphocytes. The binding causes B-cells to release antibodies called immunoglobulin E IgE into the bloodstream.
IgE has strong action against parasites and venoms. Basophils are part of the body's frontline immune response. It is involved in triggering inflammation in response to injury or infection and plays a role in stimulating antibodies to fight parasites like ticks and worms. The composition of white blood cells is measured with a test called a white blood cell WBC count of which basophils account for between 0.
Brunner, T. Human peripheral blood basophils primed by interleukin 3 IL-3 produce IL-4 in response to immunoglobulin E receptor stimulation. Dahinden, C. Phillips, C. Basophils express a type 2 cytokine profile on exposure to proteases from helminths and house dust mites. Human basophils release interleukin-4 after stimulation with Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen. Bieneman, A. Toll-like receptor 2 ligands activate human basophils for both IgE-dependent and IgE-independent secretion.
Allergy Clin. Sabroe, I. Toll-like receptor TLR 2 and TLR4 in human peripheral blood granulocytes: a critical role for monocytes in leukocyte lipopolysaccharide responses. Yoshimoto, T. Roles of IL in basophils and mast cells. Oh, K. Induction of Th2 type immunity in a mouse system reveals a novel immunoregulatory role of basophils. Hida, S. Role for interleukin-3 in mast-cell and basophil development and in immunity to parasites. Nature , 90—93 Study identifying critical functions for IL-3 in increasing basophil production in response to parasite infection and demonstrating that IL-3 is paradoxically dispensable for maintaining homeostatic basophil numbers in the absence of parasite infection.
Wang, Y. Hurst, S. Tamachi, T. Interleukin 25 in allergic airway inflammation. Allergy Immunol. Yanagihara, Y. Cultured basophils but not cultured mast cells induce human IgE synthesis in B cells after immunologic stimulation.
Gauchat, J. Induction of human IgE synthesis in B cells by mast cells and basophils. Nature , — Galli, S. Basophils are back! Basophils: in the spotlight at last. Shinkai, K. Helper T cells regulate type-2 innate immunity in vivo. Hu-Li, J. Immunity 14 , 1—11 Gessner, A. Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils acquire constitutive IL-4 and IL transcripts during lineage differentiation that are sufficient for rapid cytokine production.
Gibbs, B. Purified human peripheral blood basophils release interleukin and preformed interleukin-4 following immunological activation. Haas, H. Early interleukin its role in the switch towards a Th2 response and IgE-mediated allergy.
Stetson, D. Mohrs, K. A two-step process for cytokine production revealed by IL-4 dual-reporter mice. Brown, S. Ablation of immunity to Amblyomma americanum by anti-basophil serum: cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in expression of immunity to ectoparasites ticks in guinea pigs.
Kemp, D. Boophilus microplus : the effect of histamine on the attachment of cattle-tick larvae—studies in vivo and in vitro. Parasitology 80 , — Kierszenbaum, F. Destruction of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi by eosinophil granule major basic protein. Butterworth, A. Damage to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni induced directly by eosinophil major basic protein. Obata, K. Basophils are essential initiators of a novel type of chronic allergic inflammation.
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Like basophils and mast cells, they play a role in allergic reactions, asthma, and fighting parasite pathogens. They also develop in the bone marrow before moving into your blood.
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A complete blood count, or CBC, measures several components of your blood and can help diagnose a broad range of conditions, from anemia and to cancer. A low platelet count, or thrombocytopenia, can range from mild to severe, depending on the cause. Some people may experience severe bleeding, while…. White blood cells, or WBCs, are an important part of your immune system.
They help fight infections by attacking bacteria, viruses, and germs. The test is usually part of a complete blood count…. Learn more about leukopenia, including its symptoms, causes, and how you can treat it. Lymphocytes are white blood cells. Your lymphocyte counts can help your doctor diagnose an infection or other condition. Blood cell disorders impair the formation and function of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Granulocytes are white blood cells with small granules, and granulocytosis occurs when there are too many in the blood.
Learn about normal ranges and…. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell. This characteristic allows doctors to use basophil tests to help them identify underlying conditions and severe allergic reactions.
A basophil count that is higher or lower than the normal range may prompt them to order additional tests. A white blood cell count WBC test may be necessary to find the absolute basophil count in some cases.
This test can help doctors get a better picture of the range of basophils in the blood. Doctors may also order a specific test called a basophil activation test BAT to check for particular allergens.
If the person has an allergy, the basophils in their blood sample will activate specific molecules. A study found that the BAT is highly accurate in confirming food allergies. The BAT is a low-risk test compared with the oral food challenge test, which has the potential to trigger a dangerous allergic reaction.
Although they have an essential function in the immune system, basophils only make up a small percentage of the total number of white blood cells. In a normal test result, they may contribute to less than 0. Blood tests may reveal basophil levels that are too high. The medical term for this is basophilia, and there are several possible causes:. High basophil levels may also be a sign of low thyroid function, or hypothyroidism.
This condition occurs when the body does not produce enough thyroid hormones, which may cause some bodily functions to slow down. Some people with hypothyroidism may also notice changes in their hair or skin.
The skin might become dry or rough, while the hair may turn coarse and brittle and break very easily. Myeloproliferative disorders affect white blood cells and may also cause very high basophil levels.
In very rare cases, high basophil levels may indicate certain types of blood cancer , including leukemia and lymphoma. When a basophil releases its granules in response to an invader or inflammation, it becomes empty.
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