OCR sought, without success, statewide higher education desegregation plans. In , private plaintiffs filed suit against HEW for failing to initiate enforcement action against the systems under investigation by OCR.
Their suit is known as the Adams case. In , as part of the Adams case, a court ordered the federal government to establish new, uniform criteria for statewide desegregation. In response, OCR published criteria specifying the ingredients of acceptable plans to desegregate State systems of public higher education Criteria. Accordingly, the Criteria called for the enhancement of HBCUs through improvements in physical plants and equipment, number and quality of faculties, and libraries and other financial support.
The Criteria also called for expanding nonminority enrollment at HBCUs by offering on their campuses academic programs that are in high demand or unavailable at the state systems' other campuses. Efforts also were to be made to provide HBCUs with resources that would ultimately ensure they were at least comparable to those at traditionally white institutions having similar missions.
Under the plans accepted by OCR, HBCUs have aimed for desegregated student enrollments and better programs and facilities while retaining or enhancing their historic stature.
OCR has monitored the plans to make sure they have been implemented. Under the plans, substantial progress has been made by many states in desegregation of their state systems of higher education. At the same time, HBCUs continue to be a vital resource in the nation's educational system. Among their accomplishments are the following:. HBCUs have played an historical role in enhancing equal educational opportunity for all students. Fifty percent of black faculty in traditionally white research universities received their bachelor's degrees at an HBCU.
Department of Health and Human Services; and many black political leaders. Today, there are HBCUs with more than , students enrolled.
Fifty-six institutions are under private control, and 51 are public colleges and universities. The public institutions account for more than two-thirds of the students in historically black institutions. Most 87 of the institutions are four-year colleges or universities, and 20 are two-year institutions. In the past, more than 80 percent of all black college graduates have been trained at these HBCUs.
Today, HBCUs enroll 20 percent of black undergraduates. However, HBCUs award 40 percent of baccalaureate degrees earned by black college students. On April 28, , President George Bush issued Executive Order to strengthen the capacity of HBCUs to provide quality education and to increase their participation in federally sponsored programs.
It mandates the taking of positive measures, by federal agencies, to increase the participation of HBCUs, their faculty and students, in federally sponsored programs. It also encourages the private sector to assist HBCUs. This office also coordinates the activities of 27 federal departments and agencies in implementing Executive Order These agencies were selected for participation in the program because they account for 98 percent of federal funds directed to our colleges and universities.
Selecting a college in which to enroll is a very personal choice. However, HBCUs offer a valuable option for minority and nonminority students alike.
Some of the factors that make HBCUs attractive include:. Many HBCUs have lower tuition and fees compared to traditionally white institutions. A number also offer a broad spectrum of financial assistance to qualified students and have extensive experience in identifying sources of financial support for deserving students. Financial assistance may come in the form of scholarships, loans, and grants to cover the cost of tuition, fees, room and board, books, supplies, personal expenses, and transportation.
HBCUs often serve students from a wide range of cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Students interested in the humanities, or in such areas as sociology, psychology, economics, government, urban planning, etc. Nonresident aliens constitute a large portion of the student enrollment at many HBCUs.
A number of foreign students and professors at HBCUs participate in student or faculty exchange programs. In general, HBCUs aim to be sensitive to the needs of foreign students and provide students an opportunity to associate with different nationalities and to learn about cultural diversities. Multicultural exposures are expected to become increasingly valuable as the demographics of the American work force change and America competes more aggressively in the world economy.
Today many HBCUs have a racially diverse students enrollment at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Also, the majority of HBCUs continue to have a racially diverse faculty and administration. HBCUs are presently more racially desegregated, with respect to their enrollment and staff, than traditionally white institutions.
HBCUs may offer a more supportive educational setting for students encountering some difficulty in realizing their full academic potential. Virgin Islands. Of the HBCUs, 51 were public institutions and 49 were private nonprofit institutions forthcoming.
The number of HBCU students increased by 47 percent from , to , students between and , then decreased by 12 percent to , students between and forthcoming. In comparison, the number of students in all degree-granting institutions increased 91 percent from 11 million to 21 million students between and , then decreased 7 percent to 20 million students between and source.
Although HBCUs were originally founded to educate Black students, they enroll students of other races as well. This diversity has increased over time source. In , non-Black students made up 24 percent of enrollment at HBCUs, compared with 15 percent in forthcoming. Fewer than 1, students are currently enrolled at the university, the vast majority of whom are full-time undergraduates, and the student-to-faculty ratio is to This Virginia-based HBCU was founded in to educate freed slaves, and the school later spearheaded an education program for Native Americans.
Hampton University is home to the Emancipation Oak , which served as the 'first classroom' for students and stands to this day, as well as the Skin of Color Research Institute , where researchers study skin disorders that disproportionately affect people of color. Hampton is a premier destination for students pursuing education degrees. Students may choose from 16 bachelor's and master's education degree options, including a health, physical education and recreation pathway with five possible concentrations.
STEM-oriented programs include bachelor's degrees in aviation computer science, chemical and electrical engineering, biotechnology and marine and environmental science, as well as graduate degrees in physics with atmospheric, medical, nuclear, optical and plasma specializations. Hampton enrolls roughly 4, students, most of whom are undergraduates. The five most popular majors at Savannah State are biology, mass communications, business management, criminal justice and social work. Savannah State pioneered studies in emergency management and homeland security, becoming the first school in Georgia to offer bachelor's degrees in this field, and this program is still available.
Other undergraduate degrees in liberal arts and sciences include Africana studies, print and online journalism and behavior analysis. A total of 15 undergraduate and graduate STEM degrees are available, as well. The school has been part of the University of Arkansas system since UA Pine Bluff offers the only comprehensive aquaculture program in Arkansas.
Bachelor's, master's and Ph. Two other majors -- agriculture and human sciences -- are offered through this department as well. The university's options for education majors are also extensive, including 15 specialized pathways for undergraduates and master's degrees in four areas.
The university's faculty is relatively diverse. Inez Prosser, a alumnus, went on to become the first African American woman to earn a doctorate in psychology. Home of the Roy G. Graduate students pursuing education degrees can also choose from multiple tracks in curriculum and instruction, special education, physical education and educational administration. Another notable institution at the university is the College of Juvenile Justice in Psychology , which features bachelor's, master's and doctoral programs that bridge these two fields.
More than half of the university's undergraduates live on-campus. Established as the Bluefield Colored Institute in , Bluefield State College is the newest and smallest of West Virginia's two historically black colleges and universities. The college was a hub of African American culture during the s and s, hosting guests such as poet Langston Hughes, boxer Joe Louis and jazz greats like Duke Ellington and Dizzy Gillespie.
The school's Master Plan includes initiatives to increase the number of college graduates in the state of West Virginia in order to address a projected shortfall of degree-holding employees in Bachelor's degree options include imaging science with concentrations in nuclear medicine, sonography or computed typography, as well as four engineering fields and an RN-to-BSN pathway for nurses.
Associate degrees in engineering, nursing and radiologic technology are also available. Bluefield State College does not offer graduate degrees at this time. University of Maryland Eastern Shore opened its doors in as a preparatory academy for biblical studies, and the inaugural class featured one teacher and nine students.
The HBCU transferred to state control in , and is today the only degree-granting institution on the Maryland shore that offers degree programs in computer science. In addition to the computer science pathway, the university offers several degree programs, including aviation science, engineering and human ecology tracks with multiple concentration options. Many graduate programs are also grounded in specialized fields, including master's and doctoral degrees in food and agricultural sciences, marine-estuarine-environmental sciences and toxicology.
Williams, who went on to become Fort Valley's first African American female mayor. FVSU is a leading producer in the state of Georgia for African American degree-holders in several fields of study, including mathematics and statistics, agriculture and agriculture operations, family and consumer sciences and engineering.
A total of 37 on-campus undergraduate and graduate degree programs are offered, as well as five online pathways. The school's first principal, Booker T. Washington, was a major pioneer in early African American education. Tuskegee University also played a significant role in scientific history when botanist George Washington Carver, a Tuskegee professor, conducted groundbreaking research in areas like soil conservation and alternative crop growth.
Today, Tuskegee is the only university in the country to be designated as a national historic site by the National Park Service. Tuskegee continues Carver's work through degree programs in agricultural, environmental, food and nutritional sciences.
The school's baccalaureate nursing program was the first of its kind in Alabama, and is among the oldest in the U. Other academic pathways include degrees in veterinary medicine, architecture and construction management and five engineering fields. In an effort to address educational disparities among young people in the Baltimore community, Coppin State took over a nearby public elementary school, becoming the first and, to this day, only postsecondary institution in Maryland to do so.
Coppin State remains a leading destination for education majors. In addition to four undergraduate degree and certificate education programs, the university offers master's degrees in adult and continuing education, contemporary educational leadership, curriculum and instruction, special education and teaching. Norfolk State University was founded in as a branch unit of Virginia State University, and later served as a polytechnic college before attaining university status in The university is home to houses representing all nine Pan-Hellenic, traditionally African American fraternities and sororities.
Norfolk State University offers a total of 31 undergraduate degree programs. Many of these programs are concentrated in social sciences like history, political science, sociology, media and communications and social work. An African and Africa Diaspora certificate is available, as well. Graduate students can choose from eight master's in education pathways, including a urban education and three special education specializations, as well as cutting-edge STEM fields like cybersecurity, electronics engineering and materials science.
Morgan State University was founded by Episcopalians in It held private status until , when the state of Maryland purchased the university in order to create more educational opportunities for African Americans. The university is a popular destination for aspiring architects and planners.
Options for students in these fields include bachelor's degrees in architecture and environmental design and construction management, as well as accelerated master's programs in city and regional planning, landscape architecture and general architecture. The university is home to the Morgan Mile , an initiative designed to boost community outreach through public health and safety, youth education and development, entrepreneurship and economic development.
Of course, Morehouse and Howard have outstanding reputations in medicine and law. The physical therapy program is top notch, and its graduates are successful. The list goes on and on. Prospective students should consider which HBCUs have crafted reputations of excellence in their field of interest.
Of these institutions, two-thirds are public, and most are four-year colleges and universities. Although learners can find HBCUs across the country, many are on the eastern side of the nation. Students looking to save money and reduce their student loan debt often opt for public, in-state HBCUs.
Yes, scholarships are available for HBCU students. For instance, UNCF , the nation's largest private scholarship provider to minority students, awards scholarships to learners at 37 HBCUs across the country. One of the best resources for finding scholarships is your high school guidance counselor.
0コメント