Refusing to make peace unless Darius yielded to him as emperor, Alexander swept south along the sea toward Egypt. He seized strategic ports, including the defiant Phoenician port of Tyre. He met with more reverence in Egypt, where he was honored as a god-king like the pharaohs of old—veneration he considered his due.
Once again, Alexander demonstrated that a small army acting in concert was superior to a sprawling, disorganized one. When a gap opened in the Persian ranks, he and his elite cavalrymen dashed into the breach, splitting the opposing army in two. He had conquered the Persians at last. By adding the vast Persian realm to his Balkan kingdom, Alexander forged a Eurasian empire of unprecedented scope.
He subdued Bactria in modern-day Afghanistan and wed Roxana, the daughter of a Bactrian chief. He then invaded India in B. But monsoons made his troops feverish and mutinous; in B. He made fitful efforts to organize his huge empire in the style of the Persians; he hired Persian officials and wed Persian princesses as did dozens of his commanders. Many Macedonians felt he placed too much trust in people they still viewed as enemies, and Greeks consented only reluctantly to his demand to be recognized as divine like some Near Eastern monarchs.
The mortal Alexander died suddenly perhaps from typhoid fever in Babylon in B. His empire fractured after his death, but those lands were forever changed, infused with the culture and cosmopolitan spirit of a larger Greek world that Alexander brought into being. All rights reserved. Share Tweet Email.
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India bets its energy future on solar—in ways both small and big. Environment Planet Possible India bets its energy future on solar—in ways both small and big Grassroots efforts are bringing solar panels to rural villages without electricity, while massive solar arrays are being built across the country. This was a strategic move on his part because he knew he wanted to push his military campaign into Asia. He needed the Balkans to be under his control in order to secure the northern borders.
There was a revolt in Thrace, so his campaign began there. Eventually, he secured territory in the Balkans all the way up to the Danube River. Alexander knew he wanted to conquer the Persian Empire all along, and securing the Balkans was part of his ultimate campaign.
He gathered his soldiers, as well as soldiers from his alliance, to form a large enough army to take on the empire. He crossed into Asia Minor in B. However, as Alexander pushed onward into Persian lands, Darius finally took Alexander serious enough to gather an army. The Battle of Granicus occurred in B. The end result of this battle was a strong victory for Alexander. As crown prince, he received the finest education in the Macedonian court under his celebrated tutor Aristotle.
With some 43, infantry and 5, cavalry, it was the most formidable military expedition ever to leave Greece. In the end, he was defeated by his own army, which insisted on returning to Greece. On the way back, he died of fever in Babylon at the age of thirty-three.
All the lands that he had conquered were divided up among his generals Greece and Rome. Introduction by Joan Mertens. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, See on MetPublications. Adams, W. Lindsay, and Eugene N. Borza, eds. Washington, D. Barr-Sharrar, Beryl, and Eugene N. Studies in the History of Art, vol.
Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary.
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